Activity of natural occurring entomopathogenic fungi on nymphal and adult stages of Philaenus spumarius.

The spittlebug Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) is the predominant vector of Xylella fastidiosa (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae) in Apulia, Italy and the rest of Europe. Current control strategies of the insect vector rely on mechanical management of nymphal stages and insecticide application against adult populations. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are biological control agents naturally attacking spittlebugs and may effectively reduce population levels of host species. Different experimental trials in controlled conditions have been performed to i) identify naturally occurring EPF on P, spumarius in Northwestern Italy, and ii) evaluate the potential for biocontrol of the isolated strains on both nymphal and adult stages of the spittlebug. Four EPF species were isolated from dead P. spumarius collected in semi-field conditions: Beauveria bassiana, Conidiobolus coronatus, Fusarium equiseti and Lecanicillium aphanocladii. All the fungal isolates showed entomopathogenic potential against nymphal stages of P. spumarius (≈ 45 % mortality), except for F. equiseti, in preliminary trials. No induced mortality was observed on adult stage. Lecanicillium aphanocladii was the most promising fungus and its pathogenicity against spittlebug nymphs was further tested in different formulations (conidia vs blastospores) and with natural adjuvants. Blastospore formulation was the most effective in killing nymphal instars and reducing the emergence rate of P, spumarius adults, reaching mortality levels (90%) similar to those of the commercial product Naturalis®, while no or adverse effect of natural adjuvants was recorded. The encouraging results of this study pave way for testing EPF isolates against P, spumarius in field conditions and find new environmentally friendly control strategies against insect vectors of X. fastidiosa.

Influence of vascular imaging acquisition at local stroke centers on workflows in the drip-n-ship model: a RACECAT post hoc analysis.

BACKGROUND: The influence of vascular imaging acquisition on workflows at local stroke centers (LSCs) not capable of performing thrombectomy in patients with a suspected large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke remains uncertain. We analyzed the impact of performing vascular imaging (VI+) or not (VI- at LSC arrival on variables related to workflows using data from the RACECAT Trial. OBJECTIVE: To compare workflows at the LSC among patients enrolled in the RACECAT Trial with or without VI acquisition. METHODS: We included patients with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke who were enrolled in the RACECAT Trial, a cluster-randomized trial that compared drip-n-ship versus mothership triage paradigms in patients with suspected acute LVO stroke allocated at the LSC. Outcome measures included time metrics related to workflows and the rate of interhospital transfers and thrombectomy among transferred patients. RESULTS: Among 467 patients allocated to a LSC, vascular imaging was acquired in 277 patients (59%), of whom 198 (71%) had a LVO. As compared with patients without vascular imaging, patients in the VI+ group were transferred less frequently as thrombectomy candidates to a thrombectomy-capable center (58% vs 74%, P=0.004), without significant differences in door-indoor-out time at the LSC (median minutes, VI+ 78 (IQR 69-96) vs VI- 76 (IQR 59-98), P=0.6). Among transferred patients, the VI+ group had higher rate of thrombectomy (69% vs 55%, P=0.016) and shorter door to puncture time (median minutes, VI+ 41 (IQR 26-53) vs VI- 54 (IQR 40-70), P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Among patients with a suspected LVO stroke initially evaluated at a LSC, vascular imaging acquisition might improve workflow times at thrombectomy-capable centers and reduce the rate of futile interhospital transfers. These results deserve further evaluation and should be replicated in other settings and geographies.

Ecosystem services of entomopathogenic ascomycetes.

Entomopathogenic ascomycetes (EA) are an important part of the microbiota in most terrestrial ecosystems, where they can be found regulating natural populations of arthropod pests in both epigeous and hypogeous habitats while also establishing unique relationships with plants. These fungi offer direct benefits to agriculture and human welfare. In the present work, we conducted a systematic review to comprehensively assess the range of ecosystem services provided by EA, including direct and indirect pest biocontrol, plant growth promotion, plant defense against other biotic and abiotic stresses, nutrient cycling, and the production of new bioactive compounds with agricultural, pharmaceutical and medical importance. Moreover, EA are compatible with the ecosystem services provided by other microbial and macrobial biocontrol agents. This systematic review identified the need for future research to focus on evaluating the economic value of the ecological services provided by EA with a special emphasis on hypocrealean fungi. This evaluation is essential not only for the conservation but also for better regulation and exploitation of the benefits of EA in promoting agricultural sustainability, reducing the use of chemicals that enter the environment, and minimizing the negative impacts of crop protection on the carbon footprint and human health.

Sex and gender differences in acute stroke care: metrics, access to treatment and outcome. A territorial analysis of the Stroke Code System of Catalonia.

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have reported differences in the management and outcome of women stroke patients in comparison with men. We aim to analyze sex and gender differences in the medical assistance, access to treatment and outcome of acute stroke patients in Catalonia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from a prospective population-based registry of stroke code activations in Catalonia (CICAT) from January/2016 to December/2019. The registry includes demographic data, stroke severity, stroke subtype, reperfusion therapy, and time workflow. Centralized clinical outcome at 90 days was assessed in patients receiving reperfusion therapy. RESULTS: A total of 23,371 stroke code activations were registered (54% men, 46% women). No differences in prehospital time metrics were observed. Women more frequently had a final diagnosis of stroke mimic, were older and had a previous worse functional situation. Among ischemic stroke patients, women had higher stroke severity and more frequently presented proximal large vessel occlusion. Women received more frequently reperfusion therapy (48.2% vs 43.1%, p < 0.001). Women tended to present a worse outcome at 90 days, especially for the group receiving only IVT (good outcome 56.7% vs 63.8%; p < 0.001), but not for the group of patients treated with IVT + MT or MT alone, although sex was not independently associated with clinical outcome in logistic regression analysis (OR 1.07; 95% CI, 0.94-1.23; p = 0.27) nor in the analysis after matching using the propensity score (OR 1.09; 95% CI, 0.97-1.22). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: We found some differences by sex in that acute stroke was more frequent in older women and the stroke severity was higher. We found no differences in medical assistance times, access to reperfusion treatment and early complications. Worse clinical outcome at 90 days in women was conditioned by stroke severity and older age, but not by sex itself.

Association of Time of Day With Outcomes Among Patients Triaged for a Suspected Severe Stroke in Nonurban Catalonia.

BACKGROUND: We aim to assess whether time of day modified the treatment effect in the RACECAT trial (Direct Transfer to an Endovascular Center Compared to Transfer to the Closest Stroke Center in Acute Stroke Patients With Suspected Large Vessel Occlusion Trial), a cluster-randomized trial that did not demonstrate the benefit of direct transportation to a thrombectomy-capable center versus nearest local stroke center for patients with a suspected large vessel stroke triaged in nonurban Catalonia between March 2017 and June 2020. METHODS: We performed a post hoc analysis of RACECAT to evaluate if the association between initial transport routing and functional outcome differed according to trial enrollment time: daytime (8:00 am-8:59 pm) and nighttime (9:00 pm-7:59 am). Primary outcome was disability at 90 days, as assessed by the shift analysis on the modified Rankin Scale score, in patients with ischemic stroke. Subgroup analyses according to stroke subtype were evaluated. RESULTS: We included 949 patients with an ischemic stroke, of whom 258 patients(27%) were enrolled during nighttime. Among patients enrolled during nighttime, direct transport to a thrombectomy-capable center was associated with lower degrees of disability at 90 days (adjusted common odds ratio [acOR], 1.620 [95% CI, 1.020-2.551]); no significant difference between trial groups was present during daytime (acOR, 0.890 [95% CI, 0.680-1.163]; P interaction=0.014). Influence of nighttime on the treatment effect was only evident in patients with large vessel occlusion(daytime, acOR 0.766 [95% CI, 0.548-1.072]; nighttime, acOR, 1.785 [95% CI, 1.024-3.112] ; P interaction<0.01); no heterogeneity was observed for other stroke subtypes (P interaction>0.1 for all comparisons). We observed longer delays in alteplase administration, interhospital transfers, and mechanical thrombectomy initiation during nighttime in patients allocated to local stroke centers. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients evaluated during nighttime for a suspected acute severe stroke in non-urban areas of Catalonia, direct transport to a thrombectomy-capable center was associated with lower degrees of disability at 90 days. This association was only evident in patients with confirmed large vessel occlusion on vascular imaging. Time delays in alteplase administration and interhospital transfers might mediate the observed differences in clinical outcome. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; Unique identifier: NCT02795962.

Evolution of quality indicators in acute stroke during the RACECAT Trial: Impact in the general population.

BACKGROUND: Acute ischemic stroke patients not referred directly to a comprehensive stroke center (CSC) have reduced access to endovascular treatment (EVT). The RACECAT trial is a population-based cluster-randomized trial, designed to compare mothership and drip-and-ship strategies in acute ischemic stroke patients outside the catchment area of a CSC. AIMS: To analyze the evolution of performance indicators in the regions that participated in RACECAT. METHODS: This retrospective longitudinal observational study included all stroke alerts evaluated by emergency medical services in Catalonia between February 2016 and February 2020. Cases were classified geographically according to the nearest SC: local SC (Local-SC) and CSC catchment areas. We analyzed the evolution of EVT rates and relevant workflow times in Local-SC versus CSC catchment areas over three study periods: P1 (February 2016 to April 2017: before RACECAT initiation), P2 (May 2017 to September 2018), and P3 (October 2018 to February 2020). RESULTS: We included 20603 stroke alerts, 10,694 (51.9%) of which were activated within Local-SC catchment areas. The proportion of patients receiving EVT within Local-SC catchment areas increased (P1 vs. P3: 7.5% (95% confidence interval (CI), 6.4-8.7) to 22.5% (95% CI, 20.8-24.4) p < 0.001). Inequalities in the odds of receiving EVT were reduced for patients from CSC versus Local-SC catchment areas (P1: odds ratio (OR) 3.9 (95% CI, 3.2-5) vs. P3: OR 1.5 (95% CI, 1.3-1.7) In Local-SC, door-to-image (P1: 24 (interquartile range (IQR) 15-36), P2: 24 (15-35), P3: 21 (13-32) min, p < 0.001) and door-to-needle times (P1: 42 (31-60), P2: 41 (29-58), P3: 35 (25-50) p < 0.001) reduced. Time from Local-SC arrival to groin puncture also decreased over time (P1: 188 [151-229], P2: 190 (157-233), P3: 168 (127-215) min, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: An increase in EVT rates in Local-SC regions with a significant decrease in workflow times occurred during the period of the RACECAT trial.

The Role of Vascular Imaging atReferral Centers in the Drip and Ship Paradigm.

BACKGROUND: In drip-and-ship protocols, non-invasive vascular imaging (NIVI) at Referral Centers (RC), although recommended, is not consistently performed and its value is uncertain. We evaluated the role of NIVI at RC, comparing patients with (VI+) and without (VI-) vascular imaging in several outcomes. METHODS: Observational, multicenter study from a prospective government-mandated population-based registry of code stroke patients. We selected acute ischemic stroke patients, initially assessed at RC from January-2016 to June-2020. We compared and analyzed the rates of patients transferred to a Comprehensive Stroke Center (CSC) for Endovascular Treatment (EVT), rates of EVT and workflow times between VI+ and VI- patients. RESULTS: From 5128 ischemic code stroke patients admitted at RC; 3067 (59.8%) were VI+, 1822 (35.5%) were secondarily transferred to a CSC and 600 (11.7%) received EVT. Among all patients with severe stroke (NIHSS ≥16) at RC, a multivariate analysis showed that lower age, thrombolytic treatment, and VI+ (OR:1.479, CI95%: 1.117-1.960, p=0.006) were independent factors associated to EVT. The rate of secondary transfer to a CSC was lower in VI+ group (24.6% vs. 51.6%, p<0.001). Among transferred patients, EVT was more frequent in VI+ than VI- (48.6% vs. 21.7%, p<0.001). Interval times as door-in door-out (median-minutes 83.5 vs. 82, p= 0.13) and RC-Door to puncture (median-minutes 189 vs. 178, p= 0.47) did not show differences between both groups. CONCLUSION: In the present study, NIVI at RC improves selection for EVT, and is associated with receiving EVT in severe stroke patients. Time-metrics related to drip-and-ship model were not affected by NIVI.

Endophytic Colonization by the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria Bassiana Affects Plant Volatile Emissions in the Presence or Absence of Chewing and Sap-Sucking Insects.

Entomopathogenic fungi are gaining acceptance in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) systems as effective and environmental safety biological control agents to protect a great variety of crops against pest insects. Many of these insect-pathogenic fungi can establish themselves as endophytes and thereby may induce the plant immune system. The activation of plant defenses by the fungal endophytic colonization can have a direct impact on herbivores and plant pathogens. An integral component of many plant defense responses is also the release of volatile organic compounds, which may serve as an indirect defense by attracting the natural enemies of herbivores. Here we investigated the effect of endophytic colonization by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana on the volatile emission by melon and cotton plants, either unharmed or after being damaged by sap-sucking aphids or leaf chewing caterpillars. We found that when the plants are colonized by B. bassiana they emit a different blend of volatile compounds compared to uncolonized control plants. Some of the emitted compounds have been reported previously to be released in response to herbivory and have been implicated in natural enemy attraction. Several of the compounds are also known to have antimicrobial properties. Therefore, endophytic colonization by B. bassiana might help to not only direct control insect pests but also increase the resistance of plants against agronomically important pests and phytopathogens.

Vascular Occlusion Evolution in Endovascular Reperfusion Candidates Transferred from Primary to Comprehensive Stroke Centers.

BACKGROUND: The evolution of the symptomatic intracranial occlusion during transfers from primary stroke centers (PSCs) to comprehensive stroke centers (CSCs) for endovascular treatment (EVT) is not widely known. Our aim was to identify factors related to partial or complete recanalization (REC) at CSC arrival in patients with a documented large vessel occlusion (LVO) in PSC transferred for EVT evaluation to better define the workflow at CSC of this group of patients. METHODS: We conducted an observational, multicenter study from a prospective, government-mandated, population-based registry of stroke patients with documented LVO at PSC transferred to CSC for EVT from January 2017 to June 2019. The primary end point was defined as partial or complete REC that precluded EVT at CSC arrival (REC). We evaluated the association between baseline, treatment variables and time intervals with the presence of REC. RESULTS: From 589 patients, the rate of REC at CSC was 10.5% in all LVO patients transferred from PSC to CSC for EVT evaluation. On univariate analysis, lower PSC-NIHSS (median 12vs.16, p = 0.001), tPA treatment at PSC (13.7 vs. 5.0%; p = 0.001), presence of M2 occlusion on PSC (16.8 vs. 9%; p = 0.023), and clinical improvement at CSC arrival (21.7 vs. 9.6% p = 0.001) were associated with REC at CSC. On multivariate analysis, clinical improvement at CSC arrival (p < 0.001, OR: 5.96 95% CI: 2.5-13.9) and PSC tPA treatment predicted REC (p = 0.003, OR: 4.65, 95% CI: 1.73-12.4). CONCLUSION: REC at CSC arrival occurs exceptionally in patients with a documented LVO on PSC. Repeating a second vascular study before EVT would not be necessary in most patients. Despite its modest effect, tPA treatment at PSC was an independent predictor of REC.

Effects of Endophytic Entomopathogenic Ascomycetes on the Life-History Traits of Aphis gossypii Glover and Its Interactions with Melon Plants.

Entomopathogenic fungi are sprayed commercially for aphid control in greenhouses. Recently, their ability to grow endophytically within plants was discovered, offering the opportunity for systemic biological control. Endophytic colonization of host plants could also influence life-table parameters and behavior of herbivores. We investigated lethal and pre-mortality effects of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum on Aphis gossypii; aphids either received inoculum while feeding on recently sprayed leaves (surface inoculum and endophytically-colonized) or while feeding on unsprayed but endophytically-colonized leaves. We used choice assays to identify any preferences for endophytically-colonized or control plants. Volatile emissions from endophytically-colonized plants and control plants were also compared. Aphid mortality rates ranged between 48.2 and 56.9 % on sprayed leaves, and between 37.7 and 50.0 on endophytically-colonized leaves. There was a significant effect of endophytic colonization on the rate of nymph production, but this did not result in an overall increase in the aphid population. Endophytic colonization did not influence host-plant selection even though there were qualitative and quantitative differences in the blend of volatiles released by endophytically-colonized and control plants. Although endophytic colonization did not change herbivore behavior, plants still benefit via indirect defense, resistance to plant pathogens or abiotic stress tolerance.

Coping styles and vulnerability to eating disorders in adolescent girls, by age / Estrategias de afrontamiento y vulnerabilidad a los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, en chicas adolecentes, en función de la edad

The main goal of the study is to explore the relationship between coping styles and vulnerability to eating disorders in a sample of adolescent girls, according to their age. The sample comprises 1396 girls, aged 13 to 18, who completed the eating Disorders Inventory-3 (EDI-3) and the Adolescent Coping Scale (ACS). The regression analysis shows that the coping strategy most closely linked to the likelihood of developing an Ed in all age groups is Intropunitive Avoidance. The scales of the Intropunitive Avoidance dimension that have the most explanatory power are Tension Reduction and Self-Blame. Girls aged 13 and 17 are identified as the highest risk groups. Physical and social changes are proposed as the hypothetical explanation for the difference between age groups. Emphasis is placed on the need for specific prevention programs for adolescents, particularly those at high risk.

El objetivo principal del estudio es explorar la relación entre estilos de afrontamiento y vulnerabilidad a trastornos de alimentación en una muestra de chicas adolescentes, según su edad. La muestra está compuesta por 1396 chicas de entre 13 y 18 años, que respondieron a los cuestionarios Eating Disorders Inventory-3 (EDI-3) y el Adolescent Coping Scale (ACS). Los análisis de regresión muestran que la estrategia de afrontamiento más relacionada con el riesgo de sufrir TCA es la Huída Intropunitiva, en todas las edades. Las escalas de la dimensión Huida Intropunitiva con mayor poder explicativo son Reducción de la Tensión y Autoinculparse. Las chicas de 13 y 17 años son los grupos identificados de mayor riesgo. Los cambios físicos y sociales se presentan como una explicación hipotética para la diferencia entre grupos de edad. Se enfatiza en la necesidad de programas de prevención específicos para adolescentes, especialmente aquellos con mayor riesgo.

[Changes introduced into the recent International Classification of Headache Disorders: ICHD-III beta classification]. / Novedades en la reciente Clasificacion Internacional de las Cefaleas: clasificacion ICHD-III beta.

INTRODUCTION: The International Headache Society (IHS) has published the third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-III beta), the most commonly used guide to diagnosing headaches in the world. AIMS: To review the recent additions to the guide, to explain the new entities that appear in it and to compare the conditions that have had their criteria further clarified against the criteria in the previous edition. DEVELOPMENT: We have recorded a large number of clarifications in the criteria in practically all the headaches and neuralgias in the classification, but the conditions that have undergone the most significant clarifications are chronic migraine, primary headache associated with sexual activity, short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks, new daily persistent headache, medication-overuse headache, syndrome of transient headache and neurological deficits with cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis. The most notable new entities that have been incorporated are external-compression headache, cold-stimulus headache, nummular headache, headache attributed to aeroplane travel and headache attributed to autonomic dysreflexia. Another point to be highlighted is the case of the new headaches (still not considered entities in their own right) included in the appendix, some of the most noteworthy being epicrania fugax, vestibular migraine and infantile colic. CONCLUSIONS: The IHS recommends no longer using the previous classification and changing over to the new classification (ICHD-III beta) in healthcare, teaching and research, in addition to making this new guide as widely known as possible.

TITLE: Novedades en la reciente Clasificacion Internacional de las Cefaleas: clasificacion ICHD-III beta.Introduccion. La Sociedad Internacional de Cefaleas (IHS) ha publicado la tercera edicion de la Clasificacion Internacional de las Cefaleas (ICHD-III beta), la guia diagnostica de las cefaleas mas utilizada en el mundo. Objetivo. Revisar las recientes aportaciones de la guia, explicando las nuevas entidades que en ella aparecen y comparando las entidades que han matizado sus criterios con sus criterios de la edicion precedente. Desarrollo. Hemos registrado multitud de matices en los criterios de practicamente todas las cefaleas y neuralgias de la clasificacion, pero las entidades que han experimentado mas matizaciones trascendentales son la migraña cronica, la cefalea asociada exclusivamente a la actividad sexual, las cefaleas neuralgiformes unilaterales de breve duracion, la cefalea diaria persistente de novo, la cefalea por abuso de medicacion sintomatica, el sindrome de cefalea y deficits neurologicos transitorios con pleocitosis linfocitaria. Las entidades nuevas mas destacables que se han incorporado son las cefaleas por presion externa, las cefaleas por crioestimulo, la cefalea numular, la cefalea atribuida a vuelos de avion y la cefalea atribuida a disreflexia autonomica. Tambien cabe destacar las nuevas cefaleas, aun no consideradas como entidades, que se incorporan al apendice, entre las que destacan la epicranea fugax, la migraña vestibular y los colicos infantiles. Conclusiones. La IHS recomienda utilizar ya la nueva clasificacion (ICHD-III beta), prescindiendo de la anterior clasificacion, en la asistencia, la docencia y la investigacion, asi como hacer la maxima difusion de esta nueva guia.

The onset of nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (the ONSET PD study).

Nonmotor symptoms (NMS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) can precede onset of motor symptoms. Relationship between premotor symptoms onset and motor features is limited. Our aim is to describe the presence and perceived onset of NMS in PD as well as their possible association with motor phenotype. Presence and onset of NMS were assessed by a custom-made questionnaire in 109 newly diagnosed untreated PD patients and 107 controls from 11 Spanish and Austrian centers. Seventeen of thirty-one NMS were more common in patients than controls (P < 0.05). They were usually mild and frequently reported to occur at different time-spans before motor symptoms. Anhedonia, apathy, memory complaints, and inattention occurred more frequently during the 2-year premotor period. Those reported more frequently in the 2- to 10-year premotor period were smell loss, mood disturbances, taste loss, excessive sweating, fatigue, and pain. Constipation, dream-enacting behavior, excessive daytime sleepiness, and postprandial fullness were frequently perceived more than 10 years before motor symptoms. No correlation between NMS burden and motor severity, age, or gender was observed. NMS associated in four clusters: rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder symptoms-constipation, cognition-related, mood-related, and sensory clusters. No cluster was associated with a specific motor phenotype or severity. NMS are common in early unmedicated PD and frequently reported to occur in the premotor period. They are generally mild, but a patient subgroup showed high NMS burden mainly resulting from cognition-related symptoms. Certain NMS when present at the time of assessment or in the premotor stage, either alone or in combination, allowed discriminating PD from controls.

Migraine attack treatment : a tailor-made suit, not one size fits all.

About 15% of people in the world suffer migraine attacks. Migraine can induce a great impact in the quality of life, and the costs of medical care and loss of productivity can be also high. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the best treatment in mild-to-moderate migraine attacks and triptans are the first line option in the acute treatment of moderate-to-severe migraine attacks. At present, there are seven marketed triptans: sumatriptan, rizatriptan, zolmitriptan, eletriptan, naratriptan, almotriptan and frovatriptan. Obviously, every drug presents different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties and, moreover, some triptans have several formulations. The prescription of one of these seven triptans for a specified patient is based in the drug profile: efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Other data to take account in the final prescription are clinical characteristics of the migraine attack (speed of onset, intensity of pain, lasting of the attack) and patient characteristics as working habits, life style or medical history. It is therefore mandatory to perform an individualization of the treatment of migraine attack. In recent years, several new patents of drugs have been registered in the treatment of migraine attack, although most of these are already known drugs that only provide new routes of administration. We present an update on the treatment of the migraine attack.

Treatment of chronic migraine with intramuscular pericranial injections of onabotulinumtoxin a.

Chronic migraine is the most frequent and disabling complication of migraine. To date, only two drugs have been specifically analysed for the treatment of chronic migraine, topiramate and onabotulinumtoxin A, and in the evidence-based medicine categories, they have achieved level of evidence I and as such, a grade of recommendation A according to current guidelines. Following the PREEMPT paradigm, pericranial intramuscular onabotulinumtoxin A injections show a good efficacy and safety in chronic migraine patients, both in phase III randomized clinical trials and in a pooled data analyses. Onabotulinumtoxin A injections reduce the number of days of headache and migraine, they reduce the consumption of triptans and disability, and improve the quality of life of migraine patients. For these reasons, onabotulinumtoxin type A is an option as valid as topiramate for the treatment of chronic migraine.

Antiglycine-receptor encephalomyelitis with rigidity.

BACKGROUND: Glycine receptor antibodies (GlyR-ab) were reported in a patient with progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM). METHODS: Three additional patients were clinically described. GlyR-ab was detected with a cell-based assay of HEK293 cells transfected with the α1 subunit of the GyR. RESULTS: A 33-year-old woman presented with diplopia, dysphagia and gait ataxia that improved in 5 weeks. Then, she developed a typical stiff-person syndrome (SPS) that resolved with corticosteroids, but relapsed 17 months later with a stiff limb syndrome. After treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG), she has been asymptomatic for 8 years. A 60-year-old man developed, dysphagia, diplopia, left facial palsy and right trigeminal hypoaesthesia in a few days, followed by muscular rigidity, corticospinal signs, myoclonic jerks and severe dysautonomia. He developed seizures and suffered a cardiac arrest that left him in a persistent vegetative state. A 48-year-old man presented with leg rigidity and frequent spells of trismus, muscle spasms followed by opisthotonus and diaphoresis. The symptoms were antedated by pruritus of the left scapulae, right arm and T11-T12 dermatome. At the same time he became progressively more aggressive with emotional irritability. He also developed dysgeusia (metallic taste) and severe concurrent behavioural changes and diurnal hypersomnia. Only the rigidity and the spasms improved after therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical picture associated with GlyR-ab is wider than the classical view of PERM. GlyR-ab should be examined in patients with core symptoms of muscle rigidity and spasms atypical for SPS.

La directividad en la relación terapéutica: análisis de la evidencia encontrada en investigación: [revisión] / Directivity in the therapeutic relationship: analysis of the evidence found in research: [review]

Se expone los resultados de una revisión de las propuestas teóricas y hallazgos empíricos de diferentes autores e investigaciones sobre la directividad en la psicoterapia. En algunos casos la literatura localizada confluye en conceptos comunes y en otros diverge en sus resultados llevando a conclusiones heterogéneas sobre la directividad como habilidad terapéutica. Se presenta la información en capítulos tomando como eje central las perspectivas sobre cuándo ser más o menos directivos. En cada capítulo se desarrolla teóricamente el tema y a continuación los estudios que prestan o no soporte empírico a la propuesta teórica. Los contenidos posteriormente son sintetizados en la conclusión. Finalmente, la discusión integra los conceptos de mayor relevancia, analiza las limitaciones de los estudios y de los resultados encontrados y propone futuras líneas de investigación.

One exposes the results of a revision of the theoretical proposals and empirical findings of different authors and investigations on the directivity in the psychotherapy. In some cases, located Literature comes together in common concepts and in others, it diverges in its results taking to heterogeneous conclusions on the directivity like therapeutic ability. The information in chapters appears more or less taking like central axis the perspective on when being directors. In each chapter it is theoretically developed to the subject and next the studies that render or empirical non support to the theoretical proposal. The contents later are synthesized in the conclusion. Finally, the Integra discussion the concepts of greater relevance, it analyzes the limitations of the studies and the found results and proposes future lines of investigation.

Dimensionality of three versions of the Eating Disorder Inventory in adolescent girls.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the dimensionality of three versions of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) in adolescent girls. METHOD: The sample comprised 738 participants. The Spanish adaptation of the EDI-2 was used. The EDI-2 contains the 64 items of EDI and has the same items as EDI-3. The dimensional structures hypothesized by Garner for the three EDI versions were assessed via a series of Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFAs). RESULTS: The CFA did not confirm Garner's proposed structure in any of the three versions. Consequently it was decided to perform Exploratory Factor Analyses (EFA) of the EDI-2 and the EDI-3 to try to identify the underlying structure. The best theoretical and empirical fit was provided by a 7-factor structure. DISCUSSION: This article presents a shortened version of the EDI-2 which may prove more suitable for use with adolescent girls in the general population than the original questionnaire. Certain practical suggestions for optimizing the use of the different versions of the EDI are also presented.